Corporate Practice Series Portfolio No. 28-5th, Foreign Unfair Competition: Practice and Procedure, identifies unfair trade practices and statutory remedies that address those practices. It includes analysis and explanation of extensive changes in those remedies effected by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act and the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act. It examines the countervailing duty, anti-dumping, and injurious import provisions incorporated into the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended through 1998, as well as the retaliatory action, import relief and adjustment assistance, and relief from communist disruption sections of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended through 1998.

Portfolio 28-5th: Foreign Unfair Competition: Practice and Procedure

I. Overview 
    A. Introduction 
    B. Summary of Trade Remedy Laws 
    C. International Codes and Statutes Governing Trade Remedy Issues
    D. Overview of Agencies Administering the Trade Laws and Court of Appeals 

II. The History and Sources of U.S. Trade Remedy Law 
    A. Overview
    B. Background 
    C. Important Modern Trade Legislation 
        1. The Trade Expansion Act of 1962 and the Kennedy Round 
        2. U.S. Customs Court 
        3. Trade Agreements Act of 1974 
        4. The Tokyo Round and the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 
        5. The Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 
        6. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 
        7. The Uruguay Round Agreements Act and the World Trade Organization 
        8. China's WTO Accession Protocol and 2000 Act
        9. The Doha Round

III. Antidumping Actions
     A. Overview of Antidumping Law
    B. Evolution of the U.S. Antidumping Law
    C. Antidumping Investigations Before the U.S. Department of Commerce
    D. Elements and Methodologies for Calculating Dumping Margins
        1. Calculation of normal value
            a. Home market and third-country sales
            b. Constructed value
            c. Determining normal value in proceedings involving non-market economies (‘NMEs')
            d. Sales below the cost of production
            e. Adjustments to normal value
        2. U.S. price
            a. Export price
            b. Constructed export price
    E. Suspension Agreements
    F. Administrative Reviews (Assessment of Duties)
    G. New Shipper Reviews
    H. Scope and Anticircumvention Determinations
    I. Five-Year (‘Sunset') Reviews

IV. Countervailing Duty Actions
    A. Background to CVD Law 
    B. Statutory Elements of a Countervailable Subsidy 
        1. Financial contribution  
        2. Benefit conferred
        3. Specificity
        4. Elimination of non-countervailable subsidy provision
        5. Upstream subsidies
    C. Calculation of Subsidies/De Minimis Levels
        1. ‘All others’ and ad valorem rates
        2. Recurring and nonrecurring benefits
        3. Calculations of specific types of subsidies and non-subsidies
    D. Application of CVD Law to Non-Market Economy Countries
    E. Issues of Significance in CVD Law
        1. Currency manipulation as a potential subsidy
        2. Changes in ownership
        3. Adequacy of remuneration
        4. State-owned enterprises as ‘authorities’ under the statute
    F. Procedures for Addressing Subsidies at Commerce
        1. Timing/deadlines for a CVD case
        2. Petition allegations
        3. Briefings and hearings at Commerce
            a. Briefings
            b. Hearings
    G. Administrative Reviews/‘Sunset' Reviews
        1. Administrative reviews
        2. ‘Sunset' reviews
    H. Overlap of AD and CVD Laws

V. Injury Determinations in AD and CVD Cases 
    A. U.S. International Trade Commission 
    B. Statutory Elements of Proving Material Injury 
        1. Definition of material injury
        2. Volume of imports 
        3. Price effects of imports
        4. Impact of imports on domestic industry
    C. Like Product 
    D. Domestic Industry 
    E. Conditions of Competition
    F. Cumulation of Imports
    G. Negligibility
    H. Causation Analysis and Elements
    I. Threat of Material Injury
    J. Special Rules for Agricultural Products
    K. Standards for Proving Injury in Preliminary vs. Final Determinations
    L. Procedural Steps to an Injury Case at the ITC
        1. Preliminary phase
        2. Final phase
    M. ‘Sunset' Reviews Before the ITC
    N. Changed Circumstances Reviews Before the ITC

VI. Judicial, NAFTA, and WTO Review of U.S. Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Determinations 
    A. Introduction 
    B. Judicial Review of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Determinations
        1. Judicial review under 28 U.S.C. §1581(c)  
            a. Determinations subject to review
            b. Standing
            c. Timing of appeals 
            d. Standards of review
            e. The record
            f. Procedures/court rules
            g. Remedies and liquidation
        2. Judicial review under 28 U.S.C. §1581(i) 
    C. WTO Dispute Settlement Resolution
        1. Participation
        2. Procedures, timing, and remedies
        3. Standard of review by DSU panels and appellate body
    D. Panel Review Under the NAFTA Implementation Act
        1. Exclusive jurisdiction and exceptions
        2. Procedures for binational panel reviews
        3. Binational panel review
            a. Standard of review
            b. Extraordinary challenge committee
            c. Special committee

VII. Proceedings Involving Injurious, But Fairly-Traded, Imports 
    A. Overview 
    B. Section 201: Actions to Facilitate Positive Adjustment to Import Competition 
        1. ITC proceedings 
            a. The petition
            b. Investigations, determinations, and reporting requirements
        2. Forms of relief available
        3. Presidential action
        4. Congressional review
        5. Monitoring, modification, and termination of relief
        6. Provision of adjustment assistance to workers, farmers, and firms
    C. Safeguards Specifically Affecting Goods From the People's Republic of China 
        1. Market disruption proceedings
            a. ITC proceedings
            b. Action by the U.S. Trade Representative
            c. Presidential action
            d. Monitoring, modification, and termination of relief
            e. Proceedings under Section 421
        2. Trade diversion proceedings
            a. ITC proceedings
            b. Action by the U.S. Trade Representative
            c. Presidential action
            d. Presidential review of previous action
    D. Other Safeguard Actions 
        1. Proceedings under NAFTA involving Canadian and Mexican articles 
            a. Petitioning for emergency action under Chapter 8 of NAFTA
            b. Effect of NAFTA on Section 201 safeguards
        2. Other safeguard provisions
            a. Petitioning for relief from imports benefiting from the agreement
            b. Safeguards on textile and apparel articles 
            c. Effect of agreements on Section 201 safeguards
        3. Market disruption by non-market economy countries 
            a. Similarities to Section 201
            b. Differences from Section 201

VIII. Section 301 Cases 
    A. Introduction 
    B. Action Before the U.S. Trade Representative 
    C. Statutory Elements of a Section 301 Case 
        1. Actions addressable under Section 301 
        2. Mandatory vs. discretionary actions 
        3. Initiation of investigations
           a. Initiation by petition 
           b. USTR initiation
        4. Consultations
        5. Investigation procedures
        6. Timing
    D. Remedies/Retaliation 
    E. Proceedings After Retaliation
        1. Modification and termination
        2. Monitoring
        3. Carousel retaliation 
    F. Integration of Section 301 With WTO Remedies
    G. Special 301  
    H. Super 301

IX. Other Relevant Statutes 
    A. Introduction
    B. Investments That Threaten to Impair the National Security
    C. Imports That Threaten National Security
    D. The 1916 Revenue Act
    E. The Federal Trade Commission Act
    F. The U.S. Antitrust Statutes
    G. Petitions Challenging a Tariff Classification Utilized by a Competitor on Imported Articles

Portfolio 28-5th: Foreign Unfair Competition: Practice and Procedure

Wks. 1 Overview of Trade Remedies

Wks. 2 Glossary of Terms

Wks. 3 Table of Contents to Commerce Department's Antidumping Manual (Oct. 2009)

Wks. 4 Antidumping Investigations Timeline *

Wks. 5 Countervailing Investigations Timeline *

Wks. 6 Deadlines for Parties in Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations and Administrative Review

Wks. 7 List of Commerce Department Policy Bulletins

Wks. 8 Application for Administrative Protective Order in Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Proceeding (effective Feb. 21, 2008)

Wks. 9 Frequently Asked Questions About Filing an Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Petition

Wks. 10 Tips on Submitting an Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Petition

Wks. 11 Guidelines for Petitions Requesting Relief Under U.S. Antidumping Law

Wks. 12 Guidelines for Petitions Requesting Relief Under U.S. Countervailing Duty Law

Wks. 13 Statutory Timetables for Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations

Wks. 14 Frequently Asked Questions About the International Trade Commission

Wks. 15 General Information, Instructions, and Definitions for Commission Questionnaires

Wks. 16 U.S. ITC Website: Questionnaire Forms

Wks. 17 Application for Disclosure of Business Proprietary Information Under Administrative Protective Order

Wks. 18 Table of Contents of Rules of the U.S. Court of International Trade

Wks. 19 List of Forms of the U.S. Court of International Trade

Wks. 20 Standard Chambers Procedures

Wks. 21 Table of Contents of Rules of Practice of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

Wks. 22 Information on Practice Before the U.S. Court of International Trade

Wks. 23 Information on Practice Before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

Wks. 24 Overview of the Trade Adjustment Assistance Program

Wks. 25 Trade Adjustment Assistance Petition Process

Wks. 26 Petition Filing Frequently Asked Questions

Wks. 27 List of Relevant Internet Addresses