Real Estate Transactions by Tax-Exempt Entities, written by Bradley T. Borden of Washburn University School of Law, analyzes the tax considerations pertinent to the investment by exempt entities, including pension trusts, in real estate. The Portfolio is a revision of 591-1st/883-1st T.M., Real Estate Transactions by Tax-Exempt Entities, by Lewis R. Kaster, Esq., of Bryan Cave LLP, New York, New York. 

This Portfolio presents a synopsis of the law regarding federal income taxation of an exempt organization's investment in real estate (other than in oil, gas, and mining interests).  It examines in detail various permissible and impermissible rental formulas, discusses the circumstances in which debt may be recharacterized as equity, and explains the treatment of contingent interest. 

This Portfolio also examines various real estate-related aspects of the debt-financed property rules. Income and deductions that would otherwise be excluded from unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) may nevertheless be subject to taxation if incurred with respect to debt-financed property.

Other topics addressed by the Portfolio include  

• corporate ownership of investments rather than direct ownership by the exempt organization
• joint venture participations by exempt organizations
• limited liability companies as exempt organizations
• investment through specially treated conduit organizations
• state or municipal retirement plans
• foreign government pension plans
• ERISA and state law considerations
• prohibited SILO and LILO transactions 

Real Estate Transactions by Tax-Exempt Entities allows you to benefit from:

• Hundreds of hours of original research on specific tax planning topics from leading practitioners in this area
• Invaluable practice documents including tables, charts and lists
• Plain-English guidance from world-class experts
• Real-world and in-depth analysis that lets you explore various options
• Time-saving access to relevant sections of tax laws, regulations, court cases, IRS documents and more
• Alternative approaches to both common and unique tax scenarios 

This Portfolio is part of the U.S. Income Portfolios Library, a comprehensive series that includes more than 200 Portfolios, which covers every federal tax topic with expert, in-depth analysis, and offer commentary on a wide range of federal taxation topics, including Compensation Planning, Deductions and Credits, Partnerships and Corporations, Special Pass-Through Entities, Corporate Reorganizations, Real Estate, Procedure and Administration, and more.

Detailed Analysis

I. Introduction

II. Unrelated Business Income Tax

A. Overview

1. Scope of Tax

2. Estimated Tax

3. Method of Accounting

B. Definition of UBTI

C. Exclusions from UBTI: Overview

D. The Exclusion of Rents

1. Characterization of a Transaction

2. Development and Management Activities

3. Rents from Personal Property

a. In General

b. “Incidental” Personal Property Rents

c. Integration of Leases

d. Nature of Leasehold Interest

4. Rents Dependent on Income or Profits

a. In General

b. Transactional Analysis of Typical Lease Transaction

(1) Typical Leasing Arrangement

(2) Permissible Rental Formulas

(a) Applicability of REIT Regulations

(b) Limiting the Effect of Disqualified Rents

(c) Permissible Gross Receipts Formulas and Exclusions

(i) Multiple Fixed Percentages of Tenant's Receipts as Additional Rent

(ii) Shifting Percentages

(iii) Quarterly Percentage Rents

(iv) Combination Rental Formulas

(v) Escalating Fixed Minimum Rent Plus Percentage Rent

(vi) Inflation Increases

(vii) Returns, Refunds, Exchanges, and Taxes

(viii) Shopping Center Lease Exclusions

(ix) Improvements and Alterations

(x) Escalation Receipts

(d) Conformity to Customary Business Practice

(e) Participation in Refinancing and Sale Proceeds

(f) Participation in Cash Flow

(g) Purchase Price Based in Part on User's Earnings

(3) Treatment of Payments for Services

(a) Definition of Services

(i) Hotel and Apartments

(ii) Short-Term Lease of Recreational Lodge

(iii) Sporting and Entertainment Facilities

(iv) Services at Multiple Properties

(v) Rental for Catering

(vi) Health Club Facility Versus Gymnasium

(vii) Landlord's Teleconference Center Facilities

(viii) Telecommunication “Smart” Buildings

(ix) Rooftop Sites

(x) Leasing Space for Microwave and Other Communication Equipment

(b) Providing Parking Facilities

(c) Minimal Services May Disqualify Rents

(d) Submetering Utilities Revenue

(e) Telephone and Vending Machine Commissions

(f) Construction and Professional Services Performed by a REIT

(g) Cable Television Services Provided by REIT

(h) Services in Developing of Income-Producing Property

(i) Allocation of Payments Between Rent and Services

(4) Subordination Fee as Rent

(5) Allocation of Depreciation Between Taxable and Tax-Exempt Rent

(6) Guaranteed Payment as Rent

5. Exempt Organization's Use of Taxable Subsidiary to Construct Improvements

E. Exclusion of Interest

1. Legislative Treatment of Contingent Interest

a. IRS View of Contingent Interest

b. Contingent Interest as an Economic Necessity

c. Distinguishing Debt from Equity

2. Current Practice and Relevant Tax Issues

3. Common Law Treatment of Contingent Interest

4. Guidelines in Structuring Contingent Interest Debt

a. Definite Maturity Date and Cap on Interest Participation

b. Convertibility

c. Consultation and Approval Rights

d. Interest Based on Gross Receipts

5. Loan or Joint Venture

a. The Farley Realty Case

b. Loan Treated as Partnership

c. Purported Ownership Treated as 25% Joint Venture Interest

d. Loans Treated as Equity

e. Sale to Controlled Corporation Respected as a Sale

f. Formula-Based Sale Respected as a Sale

6. Service and Commitment Fees and Lender's Legal Fees

a. Loan Derived from a Business “Regularly Carried On”

b. Points

c. Origination Fees

d. Commitment Fees

e. Prepayment Penalties

f. Service Fees

g. Guaranteed Payments

F. UBTI Exclusion - Non-Dealer Sales and Sale of Collapsible Corporation Stock

1. Definition of Dealer

2. Attribution of Activity Among Related Entities

3. IRS May Rule on Dealer Status Issue

4. Income from Sale of Acquired Distressed Property

5. Dealer Income May Be Attributed to Limited Partner

6. Partnership's Business Activities Attribution

7. Sale of Taxable Business

8. Substantially Related to Exempt Purposes

G. Debt-Financed Income is UBTI

1. Definition of Debt-Financed Income

2. Computation of Debt-Financed Income

a. Deductions Allowed

b. Net Operating Loss and Capital Loss Carryovers

c. Debt-Financed Percentage - Gain on Sale of Property

3. Definition of Debt-Financed Property

a. Subdivision of Land Not “Held to Produce Income”

b. Continued Holding of Property After Intended Use is Not Feasible

c. Stock of a Leveraged Real Estate Corporation

d. Exemption for Substantially Related Property

e. Sale of Partnership Interests

4. Definition of Acquisition Indebtedness

a. Indebtedness Need Not Be Assumed

b. Mortgage of Adjoining Property and Sale of Development Rights

c. Refinancing Does Not Increase Acquisition Indebtedness

d. Pledges of Property and Subordination of a Lease

e. Wraparound Loan

f. Subordination of Ground Rent Does Not Create Acquisition Indebtedness

g. Loan to Second Tier Partnership

h. Transitory Indebtedness Used for Ordinary and Routine Purposes

5. Real Estate Acquisitions Not Subject to 514(c)

a. The Fractions Rule

b. Chargebacks

c. Common Trust Funds and 501(c)(2) Corporations

6. Methods of Avoiding Debt-Financed Income

a. Transactions Between Exempt Organization and Controlled Corporation

(1) Exempt Organization Loan to Affiliate

(2) Loan to Partnership in Which Corporation Is a General Partner

b. Prepayment of Share of Debt by Tenant in Common

c. Refinancing of Nonqualified Debt

d. Sale of Stock of a 501(c)(2) Corporation

H. Overriding Royalty Income

III. Corporate Ownership of the Investment Rather Than Direct Ownership

A. Foreign State Jurisdiction

1. Alter-Ego Theory of Jurisdiction

2. Acts of the Exempt Organization in a Foreign State

B. Tax Results of Different Types of Corporate Ownership

1. Section 501(c)(2) Exempt Title-Holding Corporations

a. UBTI Taxed at Corporate Rates

b. Limitations on Title-Holding Corporation's Activities and Taxable Income

(1) In General

(2) Section 501(c)(2) Corporation - Permissible Income

(3) Permissible Activities

(4) Section 501(c)(2) Status of Corporate Limited Partner

c. Exempt Organization's Receipts from Controlled Corporation

(1) Avoiding Controlled Corporation Status

(2) Exempt Organization Lease Partnership with a Controlled Corporation

(3) Ordering of Pass-Through Rules and Debt- Financed Income Rules

(4) Pass-Through Does Not Apply to Dividends

d. Use of a Group Trust

e. Taxable Corporation Converted to a 501(c)(2)

f. Unavoidability of General Utilities Repeal

g. Leverage Exemption Not Available to 501(c)(2) Corporation

2. Section 501(c)(25) Leveraged Real Property Title-Holding Corporation

a. In General

b. Temporary Investment of Cash

c. Nonstock Corporations

d. Qualified Subsidiary Exception to the 35-Shareholder Rule

e. Disqualified Shareholders

f. Other Requirements - Shareholder Termination Rights

3. Sections 502 and 512(b)(13) Feeder Corporations

a. Debt Capitalization to Reduce Taxable Income

b. Technical Disqualification: Special Class of Stock and Debt

c. Technical Disqualification: Taxable Subsidiary's Ownership of Feeder's Shares

d. Lease to Controlled Corporation to Reduce Taxable Income

(1) Avoiding Pass-Through

(2) Non-Arm's-Length Rents

4. Property Held for Sale or Rental

5. Consolidated Filing to Reduce UBTI

6. Gain on Liquidation of Controlled Corporation

7. Transfers to Exempt Organizations and Conversions to Exempt Status

8. Separateness of a Controlled Taxable Corporation

9. Feeder Corporation's Net Operating Loss

10. Single-Member Limited Liability Company Owned by Exempt Entities

IV. Joint Venture Participation

Introductory Material

A. Exempt Organization May Prefer Direct Participation

1. Negotiate a Better Economic Return

2. Tax Advantages

3. Purchase of Interest in Existing Partnership

B. Avoiding Partnership Classification

1. Tests Used to Determine Whether an Arrangement Is a Tax Partnership

a. The Substantive-Law Test

b. The State-Law Test

c. The Joint-Profit Test

d. The Expense-Sharing Test

e. The Degree-of-Activity Test

f. The Type-of-Activity Test

g. The Source-of-Activity Test

h. The Business-Purpose Test

i. The Estoppel Test

j. The Fact-Question Test

2. IRS Allows Flexibility Concerning Supervisory Role

3. Partnership Not a Lease

C. Allocation of Tax Items

1. Marketability of Exempt Organization's Position

2. Use of Participating Loan or Ground Lease to Sidestep 168(h)(6)

3. “At Risk” Rules

4. Tax Planning Where a Partnership Generates UBTI

a. Special Allocations on Pay Down of Pension Trust Share of Debt

b. Sections 754 and 732(d) Elections

c. Straight-Line Depreciation Requirement

D. Tax-Exempt Use Property

E. Anti-SILO/LILO Provisions

V. Limited Liability Companies as Exempt Organizations

Introductory Material

A. Disregarded Limited Liability Companies

B. Conditions for Limited Liability Company 501(c)(3) Exemption

C. Contributions to Disregarded Entities

VI. Investment Through Specially Treated Conduit Organizations

A. Common Trust Funds

B. Investment Through a REIT

C. Government Pension Funds as REIT Investors

D. Insurance Company Separate Accounts

E. Investment Through a Group Trust

VII. Retirement Plans

A. Qualified Pension Plans

B. State Retirement Plans

C. Political Subdivision of State

D. Government Employee Retirement Plans

E. A Court Mandated Fund

F. An Entity Carrying on a Governmental Function

VIII. Foreign Government Pension Plans

IX. ERISA and State Law Considerations

A. Background

B. Plan Assets Regulations

C. State Taxation of Exempt Organizations

Working Papers

Table of Worksheets

Worksheet 1 Internal Revenue Manual, Part 7.20.4, Exhibit 7.20.4-12, “Limited Liability Company Reference Guide” and “Instructions for Limited Liability Company Reference Guide”

Worksheet 2 General Explanation of the Tax Reform Act of 1969, Joint Committee on Taxation, 62–71

Worksheet 3 S. Rep. No. 1036, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 28–31 (1980)

Worksheet 4 H.R. Rep. No. 861, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 1096–1098 (1984) (Conference Report)

Worksheet 5 General Explanation of the Revenue Provisions of the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 Joint Committee on Taxation 1150–1153

Worksheet 6 H.R. Rep. No. 495, 100th Cong., 1st Sess. 953–957 (1987) (Conference Report)

Worksheet 7 S. Rep. No. 445, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. 426–429 (1988)

Worksheet 8 H.R. Rep. No. 213, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. 547–549 (1993) (Conference Report)

Worksheet 9 H.R. Rep. No. 220, 105th Cong., 1st Sess. 561–562 (1997) (Conference Report)

Worksheet 10 Preamble to PS-56-90, 1993-1 C.B. 911, Debt-Financed Real Property Held Through Partnerships

Worksheet 11 Sample Application for Exemption under Section 501(c)(2)

Bibliography

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Statutes:

Regulations:

Congressional Reports/Public Laws:

IRS Publications:

Treasury Rulings:

Cases:

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